According to Joyce Y. Lee, PharmD, a health sciences clinical professor of pharmacy at UC Irvine School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, patients with metabolic syndrome and diabetes are frequently experiencing challenges beyond medications. Therefore, in addition to optimizing the 4 Ds of medication management—drug safety, drug effectiveness, drug adherence, and dose titration—pharmacists must also focus on caring for patients as a whole, taking into account psychological and emotional needs, coaching individualized health behavior changes that last, and empowering patients’ self-care capabilities.
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